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"Portugal began to colonise the area that became Mozambique in the early 16th century. An anti-authoritarian coup in 1974 in Portugal ended colonial rule and its ten-year war with the Front for Liberation of Mozambique (Frelimo) independence movement.
Mozambican support for armed groups fighting the white-minority rule governments in Rhodesia and South Africa led to those two countries sponsoring the Renamo movement, which fought Frelimo in the 1977-1992 civil war."(BBC Monitoring)




Photograph by Sebastio Salgado


Mozambique. 1994. The photos are of Refugees in Mutarara. Refugee: "a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster"(Webster). During the 1977-1992 civil war an estimated 1.7 million Mozambican refugees fled to neighboring countries such as Malawi, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Zambia, Tanzania, and South Africa. This number may seem high, but this does not include an estimated four million internally displaced people who also fled.

Salgado says this about these three photographs "A bus has just arrived in Mutarara in Mozambique carrying refugees from a camp at Nyaminthuthu in Malawi. From here, the returnees will continue traveling, by foot, in trucks, by boat, across the Zambeze River, until they are reunited with their families... Born in Malawi and know their own country only from their parents stories...".


Work Cited Page

Bureau of African Affairs. "Background Note: Mozambique." US Department of State
Department of State USA, Feb. 2010. Web 11 March 2010.

BBC Monitoring "Mozambique Country Profile." BBC News.
10 March 2010. 11 March 2010

Photograph
Salgado, Sebastiao. Photograph. Migrations: Humanity in Transition. Aperture. New York, 2000. 239.

Storing the Masses

Photograph by Sebastio Salgado

Jakarta, Indonesia. 1996.

In indonesia the population has been slowly declining over the past few decades. "From 4.5% in 1961-1971 to 4.0% in 1971-1980 to 2.4% in the 1990s"(Perlman). This declining number, however, grew from a declining rate, to a papidly increasing of 300,000 people a year between 1980s-1990s. The Jakarta Metropolitan Area grew to have 11.5 million people in 1995. This increased by a growth rate of 2.1%. Now with such a rapid growth rate many people did not have homes, forcing them to live under bridges, or on streets. Roughly 6/10 people lived in a kampung. Kampung also called a "kampong" is known as a small village.

Although these numbers seem incredibly high there is help. In 1969 Jakarta implemented a Kampung Improvement Program. "the Program provided infrastructure in the form of roads, footpaths, drainage, public toilets, elementary school buildings, health clinics, garbage boxes and carts, and public water taps" (Perlman). While funding was barely enough to meet the need of the people, the United States contributed $118 a person. While it seems hard to see how you can provide all of the needs of the people for only $118 a person, the program was actually quite successful. "The program received the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 1980, and was recognized by the June 1996 Habitat II Conference in Istanbul as one of the best tools for overcoming urban housing problems"(Perlman).

If you are interested in more information from this topic you can go to

http://megacitiesproject.org/network_jakarta.asp

Work Cited Page

Perlman, Janice. "Jakarta Indonesia." The Mega-Cities Project: Global Network 2007.
3 March 2010

Photograph

Salgado, Sebastiao. Photograph. Migrations: Humanity in Transition. Aperture. New York, 2000. 423.